![]() ![]() ![]() For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of the use of force and argues that: Isolated reports of use of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for six months are probably to be discounted. Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear mandate to succeed Muhammadbut offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by Umar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters. Either way the Sunni and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. But then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but six months later after the death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account. This version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who, in view of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. ![]() Umar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. ![]() It has been reported in mainly Persian historical sources written 300 years later, such as in the, that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an armed contingent to 's house where Ali and his supporters are said to have gathered. According to various sources and Madelung, Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against at the Saqifah According to one version of narrations in, Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to try to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the Muhajirun. There would have been no sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. This violent break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed by the wisdom and eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech and have accepted him as the best choice for the succession, as suggested by Caetani. Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent and undignified end, as he and his followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not to kill him, for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule. ![]()
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